Italian 
English Emoglobinopatie: quadri clinici e ruolo del laboratorio tra realtà e prospettive future
Hemoglobinopathies: clinical pictures and role of the laboratory between reality and future prospects.
AUTORI
1Già Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera, Genova
2UOC Medicina di Laboratorio, Ospedale di Treviso, ULSS2 Marca trevigiana (TV)
3Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano
ABSTRACT
Hemoglobinopathies: clinical pictures and role of the laboratory between reality and future prospects
The term hemoglobinopathies generally includes all the defects of the globin genes. In most of the cases, these defects are transmitted as autosomal recessive patterns and are in the heterozygous state, clinically asymptomatic. A substantial variability in hematological and clinical phenotypes is observed when defects occur in the homozygous state, in heterozygous compounds or are associated with variations in non-globin genes. The marked hematological, molecular and clinical heterogeneity of hemoglobinopathies requires experience and competence for the use of different technologies, the organization of the diagnostic procedures and for the clinical management of patients as well. There is no doubt that the numerous hemoglobin variants and different combinations observed nowadays are the result of migratory movements that have taken place in recent decades with the arrival in Italy and Europe of important numbers of subjects, mostly from territories where hemoglobin defects are particularly present. The laboratory tests, defined as 1st level or primary screen, are still the fundamental step of the diagnostic approach to hemoglobinopathies and cannot be avoided. However, confirmatory tests and molecular characterization are always required for a diagnostic approach characterized by the combined use of hematological, biochemical and molecular techniques. The laboratory will thus be able to provide the clinician with adequate elements for patient management, in the different contexts of prevention, counseling or therapeutic choices. The laboratory dedicated to hemoglobinopathies is oriented towards precision medicine by acting on levels of increasing complexity, thus providing useful knowledge for the benefit of personalized medicine.