Italian 
English Microbiota intestinale e nasale nella malattia di Parkinson
Gut and nasal microbiota in Parkinson’s disease
AUTORI
1 Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Unità di Neurologia 5 - Neuropatologia, Milano, Italia
2 Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Unità di Neurologia 4 - Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari, Milano, Italia
3 Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Unità di Neurologia, Milano, Italia
ABSTRACT
Gut and nasal microbiota in Parkinson’s disease.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by a series of symptoms that anticipate overt disease. In particular, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorders, intestinal problems and olfactory impairment are the most frequent prodromal signs of the disease. Compelling evidence suggests that, among other factors, the microbiota might play an important role in the onset and progression of PD. While several findings confirmed that there might be an important link between intestinal microbiota alterations and PD onset, little is known about the potential contribution of the nasal microbiota. Here, we will describe the latest findings on this topic by considering that more than 80% of patients with PD develop remarkable olfactory deficits in their prodromal disease stage. Therefore, the nasal microbiota might contribute to PD, eventually boosting the intestinal microbiota in promoting disease onset.